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The document highlights the signif- icance of the molecular approaches for all biological processes in both simple and complex cells. The text also incorporates the most recent refer- ences and has been written for students as well as for teachers of molecular biology, molecular genetics, or biochemistry. Invite you to refer. | CHAPTER 4 PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CONTENTS Abstract.158 4.1 Early Approaches.158 4.2 Plant Genome Projects.165 4.3 Plant Transformation.177 4.4 Plant Tissue Culture An Important Step in Plant Genetic Engineering.181 4.5 World Population in Relation to Advances in Crop Production . 185 4.6 Molecular Farming.187 4.7 Plant Stress Responses.198 4.8 RNA Interference in Plants.202 4.9 RNAi and Abiotic Stresses.207 4.10 Summary.209 4.11 Questions.210 Keywords . 211 References.211 158 Molecular Biology Different Facets ABSTRACT As humans evolved from nomadic to agriculture-based societies they utilized special techniques to modify plants and animals. Some of the food crops such as rice were converted from being perennial to annual plants. Moreover the traits that were of most value to humans and domesticated animals have been selected for even without the knowledge of genes and recombinant DNA technology. Although the plant genomes are very large the genomes can be compared with one another by mapping the locations of certain genes or gene traits in various plants. Whole genome sequencing has helped in the discovery of genomic variations and genes associated with adaptation to climatic changes. Significant genomic advances have been made for abiotic stress tolerance in plants with the help of special techniques. In this chapter we will also briefly discuss other molecular components of signaling pathways the crosstalk among various abiotic stress responses and use in improving abiotic stress tolerance in different crops. 4.1 EARLY APPROACHES Humans have actually been genetic engineers for thousands of years. As humans evolved from nomadic to agriculture-based societies they utilized the genetic engineering techniques to modify plants and animals bringing about changes in the gene pool within crop species. For example in maize and wheat the trait of seed dispersal was selected against thus making these plants completely dependent on humans for seed dispersal. In addition .
