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Numeric-taxonomical and molecular techniques [nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSRs), expressed sequence tag (EST) SSRs, and chloroplast SSRs] were used to estimate morphological and genetic differentiation within and among 4 Quercus petraea and Q. robur natural populations in Turkey. | Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2013) 37: 619-629 © TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/bot-1205-18 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ Research Article Morphological and genetic variation within and among four Quercus petraea and Q. robur natural populations 1, 2 Cengiz YÜCEDAĞ *, Oliver GAILING Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey 2 School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA 1 Received: 15.05.2012 Accepted: 21.02.2013 Published Online: 02.07.2013 Printed: 02.08.2013 Abstract: Numeric-taxonomical and molecular techniques [nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSRs), expressed sequence tag (EST) SSRs, and chloroplast SSRs] were used to estimate morphological and genetic differentiation within and among 4 Quercus petraea and Q. robur natural populations in Turkey. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that 3 out of 15 studied leaf morphological characters (clustered hairs, number of intercalary veins, petiole length) mainly accounted for the discrimination between species. In accordance with earlier observations, the mean genetic differentiation between Q. petraea and Q. robur at 8 microsatellite loci (FST = 0.030) and at chloroplast microsatellites (GST = 0.22) was low, potentially as the result of interspecific gene flow or shared ancestral polymorphisms. Chloroplast microsatellite analyses showed unique chloroplast haplotypes in Turkey, suggesting a glacial refuge in this region. Nuclear microsatellite ssrQrZAG96, described in other studies as being potentially under directional selection (outlier locus) due to high interspecific differentiation, showed considerably lower differentiation between species in the present study (FST = 0.028). These different patterns of genetic variation suggest different local adaptations of the species in this putative glacial refugial area in Turkey. It may also