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9/10/20121Chapter 8.Research Principles and .Evidence‐Based Practice2Learning Objectives.• Explain the importance of EMS research• Distinguish between types of EMS research• Outline 10 steps to perform research .identified in this chapter.3Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company1.9/10/2012Learning Objectives.• Define evidence‐based practice• Describe criteria to evaluate when reading a .research paper.4EMS Research.• Essential to continued evolution.• Insight on intended effects, cost‐effectiveness.–.–.–.–.–.–.–.–.–2001, national EMS research agenda.Ensure best possible care provided.Data based, lead to changes.Professional standards.Training.Equipment.Procedures.Improved patient care.Increases EMS professional respect.5Types of Research.• Gathering research on which procedures, .techniques, equipment are sound.• Gathering research to answer clinically .valuable questions, find results, make .system improvements6Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company2.9/10/2012Standard Research Methods.• Descriptive.– Events monitored, analyzed without attempt to .manipulate/alter outcome• Experimental.– Intervention introduced, effects monitored .for outcome• Prospective.– Specific question, hypothesis, data collection .defined before study begins.7Standard Research Methods.• Retrospective.– Specific question, hypothesis, data collection .defined after data already exists• Cross‐sectional.– Group of subjects studied during specified period .of time8Basic Principles of Research.• Research steps.– Prepare question.– Write hypothesis.– Decide what to measure, .best way to measure it.– Define population.– Identify study limitations.– Seek study approval– Obtain informed consent.– Gather data after .conducting pilot trials.– Analyze data with .awareness of pitfalls in .interpreting data.– Determine what to do .with research product9Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company3.9/10/201210Prepare Question.• State specific problem, question.• Carry out standard research methods.• Examples.– What factors predict student success on national registry of .EMT’s written examination?.– Greater incidence of complications related to prehospital versus .hospital peripheral vascular access.– Does uniform influence patient’s satisfaction?11Write Hypothesis.• Relationship between two or more variables.– Anything that varies in amount, type• Major goal.– Decide what to measure, how to measure it12Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company4.9/10/2012Define Population.• Any group of persons.– All patients with diastolic pressure greater than .100 mmHg• Places.• Things13Identify Study Limitations.• Prevent selection bias.• Random sample.– Equal chance being assigned to one group.– Ensure through computer software programs, .random digits, flip of coin• Systemic sampling.– Placed in groups in order encountered in .prehospital setting.14Identify Study Limitations.• Alternative time sampling.– Assigns treatment group based on day, week, .month patient is encountered in study• Convenience sampling.– Least preferred.– Patients assigned to groups when particular .person, crew is working15Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company5.
