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(BQ) Part 2 book Simpson’s forensic medicine has contents: Use of force and restraint, sexual assault, child assault and protection, transportation medicine, immersion and drowning, heat, cold and electrical trauma, licit and illicit drugs, medicinal poisons, miscellaneous poisons,.and other contents. | Chapter 11 Use of force and restraint ■ Use of force ■ Conflict resolution ■ ‘Empty hands’ – unarmed restraint ■ Handcuffs ■ Batons ■ Incapacitant sprays ■ Baton rounds and plastic bullets ■ Dogs ■ Conducted electrical weapons ■ Further information sources ■ Use of force The need at certain times for restraint techniques to control groups of individuals or others who are violent or suffering from acute behavioural disturbance is one that requires a sensitive balance between duty of care and safety and security of those being restrained, and the type or means of restraint to secure that control. The term ‘use of force continuum’ refers to standards that provide law enforcement or security personnel (e.g. police or prison officers) with clear guidelines as to how much force may be used against a non-compliant subject in a given situation. The purpose of a defined ‘use of force continuum’ is to clarify for those restraining, those restrained and the public in general, the means by which control may be properly and appropriately achieved. Most police or law enforcement agencies will have a published policy which will vary in nature. Such policies will define appropriate actions in response to actual or perceived threat (e.g. verbal or physical violence) and other factors (e.g. safety of others, presence of weapons). Hand in hand with this recognition of the need for appropriate response is the development of less-lethal weapons that can incapacitate or control with less likelihood of a fatal outcome, such as baton rounds and conducted electrical weapons. ■ Conflict resolution Any law enforcement officer involved in restraint control or public order setting should have an understanding of conflict resolution and the factors that will affect how individuals respond to certain threats or actions. It is important that all progression or escalation of force is seen to be reasonable in order that any adverse outcome may be justified at a later date. The offender .
