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(BQ) Part 2 book "Chemistry in the oil industry VII" has contents: The challenges facing chemical management, optimising oilfield oxygen scavengers, a chemical packer for annular isolation in horizontal wells; the development of advanced kinetic hydrate inhibitors,.and other contents. | USING ELECTROCHEMICAL PRE-TREATMENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF METAL SURFACES FROM THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALE A. P. Morizot,' S Labille,2A Neville' and G. M. Graham2 'Corrosion and Surface Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering 'Oil field Scale Research Group, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh ABSTRACT This study examines the potential of adsorption of scale inhibitor and indeed other cations such as magnesium and calcium, promoted by electrochemical pre-treatment, to effectively protect metallic surfaces from the adhesion and growth of calcium carbonate scale. Tests have been conducted which examine the surface of stainless steel rotating disk electrodes (RDE) under ambient conditions. The involvement of divalent cations such as Mg2+in the inhibition of scale is clearly demonstrated. Visualisation of the amount of scale deposition, with and without electrochemical pre-treatment, has been conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In summary, this paper describes the beneficial effects of using an electrochemical pretreatment to inhibit scale deposition on metal surfaces and assess the catiodinhibitor interactions and their effect on inhibitor efficiency. 1 INTRODUCTION The nucleation and growth of scale (i.e. insoluble mineral salts) on surfaces is one of the main aspects of crystal formation which causes operational problems in industrial plant and facilities. Formation of scale in the pores of rock can cause plugging of wells and deposition on production equipment (e.g. pipework) can lead to increased turbulence in flow systems and can eventually block flow lines. Notwithstanding this fact, the main effort in scale research has been to develop an understanding of scale formation (precipitation) in the bulk solution and several models have been developed to assess the scaling tendency of particular waters based on thermodynamic data [e.g. 11. .
