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Part 2 book “Community nutrition” has contents: Nutrition in childhood and adolescence, promoting health and preventing disease in older persons, acquiring grantsmanship skills, ethics and nutrition practice, principles of nutrition education, private and government healthcare systems, and other contents. | © Carlos Hernandez/Getty Images CHAPTER 9 Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence CHAPTER OUTLINE ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Introduction Nutrition Status of Children and Adolescents in the United States Nutrition-Related Concerns During Childhood and Adolescence Malnutrition in Children Children and Adolescents with Special Healthcare Needs and Childhood Disability The Effect of Television on Children’s Eating Habits Nutrition During Childhood and Adolescence Food and Nutrition Programs for Children and Adolescents Challenges to Implementing Quality School Nutrition Programs Promoting Successful Programs in Schools LEARNING OBJECTIVES ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ▸▸ Identify the nutritional needs of adolescents and school-age children. Discuss common nutrition problems during childhood and adolescence. List the diagnostic criteria for eating disorders in adolescents. Discuss the contributing factors to childhood overweight and obesity. Explain the causes of malnutrition in children globally and in the United States. Discuss the effect television has on children’s eating habits. Outline different child nutrition programs. Introduction Maintaining the proper physical, social, and cognitive development of children (ages 1 to 11) and adolescents is essential and depends upon adequate energy and nutrient intake. Children and adolescents who lack adequate energy and nutrient intake are at risk for a variety of nutrition-related health conditions, including growth retardation, malnutrition, iron-deficiency anemia, poor academic performance, protein–energy malnutrition, development of psychosocial difficulties, and an increased likelihood of developing chronic 281 282 Chapter 9 Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis during adulthood.1 Children and adolescents who live below the national poverty level are more likely to experience nutrient deficiencies, food insecurity, and hunger.2,3 In
