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The first humanlike creatures appeared in Africa four million years ago. Early humans left no written records. Without such records, archaeologists and anthropologists have had to rely on fossils, artifacts, and skeletal remains to develop theories about their lives. Researchers have concluded that the earliest humans lived as hunters and gatherers and focused on basic needs. Only millions of years later did they develop the skills and tools necessary to engage in agriculture and to build the first civilizations. The topics discussed in this chapter are early humans and the neolithic revolution. | Splash Screen Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: Early Humans Section 2: The Neolithic Revolution Visual Summary Chapter Intro What is civilization? These cave paintings in Lascaux, France, illustrate the animals early people hunted 17,000 years ago during the Ice Age. Images like these give us glimpses into the life of early humans. In this chapter, you will learn how humans gradually shifted from temporary to permanent settlements and began establishing civilizations. • How do you think the first humans got their food? • How would you define civilization? Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1 Early Humans What important developments took place in the Paleolithic Age? Chapter Intro 2 The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization How does agriculture affect our society? Chapter Preview-End Section 1-Main Idea The BIG Idea Physical Geography Human life developed in different stages over millions of years, and by 10,000 B.C., Homo sapiens sapiens had spread throughout the world. Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary prehistory archaeology artifact anthropology fossil hominid Australopithecus Homo sapiens sapiens “out-of-Africa” theory Academic Vocabulary theory survive Section 1-Key Terms People and Places Olduvai Gorge Paleolithic Age A B Section 1-Polling Question Do you agree that we have more to learn about our society by understanding early humans? A. Yes B. No Section 1 Before History Scientists use fossils and artifacts as clues to how early humans lived. Section 1 Prehistory is the time before writing was developed. Archaeology is the study of past societies through the analysis of artifacts such as tools, weapons, art, buildings. Anthropology is the study of human life and culture. Anthropologists use artifacts and fossils to create a picture of peoples’ everyday lives. Before History (cont.) Section 1 Methods of dating fossils and artifacts: Radiocarbon dating Thermo-luminescence Microscopic and biological analysis Before History . | Splash Screen Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: Early Humans Section 2: The Neolithic Revolution Visual Summary Chapter Intro What is civilization? These cave paintings in Lascaux, France, illustrate the animals early people hunted 17,000 years ago during the Ice Age. Images like these give us glimpses into the life of early humans. In this chapter, you will learn how humans gradually shifted from temporary to permanent settlements and began establishing civilizations. • How do you think the first humans got their food? • How would you define civilization? Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Chapter Intro 1 Early Humans What important developments took place in the Paleolithic Age? Chapter Intro 2 The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization How does agriculture affect our society? Chapter Preview-End Section 1-Main Idea The BIG Idea Physical Geography Human life developed in different stages over millions of years, and by 10,000 B.C., Homo sapiens sapiens had spread .
