TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology: Chapter 53 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 53 - Population ecology. In this chapter, you should now be able to: Define and distinguish between the following sets of terms: density and dispersion; clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion; life table and reproductive table; Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves; semelparity and iteroparity; r-selected populations and K-selected populations. This chapter also explain how ecologists may estimate the density of a species, explain how limited resources and trade-offs may affect life histories,. | Chapter 53 Population Ecology Overview: Counting Sheep A small population of Soay sheep were introduced to Hirta Island in 1932 They provide an ideal opportunity to study changes in population size on an isolated island with abundant food and no predators Fig. 53-1 Figure What causes a sheep population to fluctuate in size? Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size Concept : Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics A population is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area Density and Dispersion Density is the number of individuals per unit area or volume Dispersion is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population Density: A Dynamic Perspective In most cases, it is impractical or impossible to count all individuals in a population Sampling techniques can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes Population size can be estimated by either extrapolation from small samples, an index of population size, or the mark-recapture method Fig. 53-2 APPLICATION Hector’s dolphins Figure Determining population size using the mark-recapture method Density is the result of an interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals Immigration is the influx of new individuals from other areas Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population Fig. 53-3 Births Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Immigration Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. Deaths Emigration Figure Population dynamics Patterns of Dispersion Environmental and social factors influence spacing of individuals in a population In a clumped dispersion, individuals aggregate in patches A clumped dispersion .

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