TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology: Chapter 51 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 51 - Animal behavior. This chapter distinguish between the following pairs of terms: kinesis and taxis, circadian and circannual behavioral rhythms, classical and operant conditioning; explain how associative learning may help a predator avoid toxic prey; describe how cross-fostering experiments help identify the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors in determining specific behaviors. | Chapter 51 Animal Behavior Overview: Shall We Dance? Animal behavior is based on physiological systems and processes. A behavior is the nervous system’s response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or the hormonal system. Behavior helps an animal Obtain food Find a partner for sexual reproduction Maintain homeostasis. An animal’s behavior is its response to external and internal stimuli. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments. According to early ethologist Niko Tinbergen, four questions should be asked about behavior: What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response? How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response mechanisms? Animal Behavior is subject to Natural Selection. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction? Survival value What is the behavior’s evolutionary history? These questions highlight the complementary nature of proximate and ultimate perspectives. Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior. It integrates proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior. Proximate causation, or “how” explanations, focus on Environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior Genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior. Ultimate causation, or “why” explanations, focus on Evolutionary significance of a behavior. Fixed Action Patterns FAP A fixed action pattern is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable. Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion. A fixed action pattern is triggered by an external cue known as a sign stimulus. In male stickleback fish, the stimulus for attack behavior is the red underside of an intruder. When presented with unrealistic models, as long as some red is present, the attack behavior occurs. Sign stimuli in a classic FAP fixed action pattern (b) (a) Figure Oriented / .

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