TAILIEUCHUNG - Electric Circuits, 9th Edition P42

Electric Circuits, 9th Edition P42. Designed for use in a one or two-semester Introductory Circuit Analysis or Circuit Theory Course taught in Electrical or Computer Engineering Departments. Electric Circuits 9/e is the most widely used introductory circuits textbook of the past 25 years. As this book has evolved over the years to meet the changing learning styles of students, importantly, the underlying teaching approaches and philosophies remain unchanged. | 386 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations Summary Instantaneous power is the product of the instantaneous terminal voltage and current or p - vi. The positive sign is used when the reference direction for the current is from the positive to the negative reference polarity of the voltage. The frequency of the instantaneous power is twice the frequency of the voltage or current . See page 362. Average power is the average value of the instantaneous power over one period. It is the power converted from electric to nonelectric form and vice versa. This conversion is the reason that average power is also referred to as real power. Average power with the passive sign convention is expressed as P cos - 0 COS 0W Oj . See page 364. Reactive power is the electric power exchanged between the magnetic field of an inductor and the source that drives it or between the electric field of a capacitor and the source that drives it. Reactive power is never converted to nonelectric power. Reactive power with the passive sign convention is expressed as Q sin 0 - 0 Kff4ff sin 0 - 0 . Both average power and reactive power can be expressed in terms of either peak Vm Ini or effective Veif Zeff current and voltage. Effective values are widely used in both household and industrial applications. Effective value and rms value are interchangeable terms for the same value. See page 364. The power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and the current pf cos 0 - 0 . The terms lagging and leading added to the description of the power factor indicate whether the current is lagging or leading the voltage and thus whether the load is inductive or capacitive. See page 365. Hie reactive factor is the sine of the phase angle between the voltage and the current rf sin 0i 0j . See page 365. Complex power is the complex sum of the real and reactive powers or 5 P jQ IVI- veKi t 2 7 __ 1 eff- See page 370. Apparent power is the magnitude of the complex power 5 VP2 Q2. See .

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