TAILIEUCHUNG - Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 2)

Introduction: Blood, urine and stomach contents (including gastric lavage fluid and vomitus) are usually used as specimens for analysis of drugs and poisons for living subjects. A blood concentration of a toxin can be an indicator for estimation of intoxication degree. Urine sometimes contains large amounts of metabolites and/or an unchanged form of a toxin; it contains low levels of proteins, which usually interfere with analysis, and thus is suitable for screening tests using immunoassays without tedious pretreatments. Stomach contents can be a useful specimen for identification of a toxin, only when the time after ingestion is short; it contains. | Alternative specimens By Fumio Moriya Introduction Blood urine and stomach contents including gastric lavage fluid and vomitus are usually used as specimens for analysis of drugs and poisons for living subjects. A blood concentration of a toxin can be an indicator for estimation of intoxication degree. Urine sometimes contains large amounts of metabolites and or an unchanged form of a toxin it contains low levels of proteins which usually interfere with analysis and thus is suitable for screening tests using immunoassays without tedious pretreatments. Stomach contents can be a useful specimen for identification of a toxin only when the time after ingestion is short it contains a large amount of an unchanged form of a compound ingested. However there are many cases in which neither blood urine nor stomach contents can be obtained because of various reasons. Even with urine illegal drugs become undetectable several days after their administration. Recently according to marked development of analytical technologies possibilities are being extended to ultra-sensitive analysis of toxins in hair nails saliva and sweat these specimens are proving to be useful for toxin analysis because many toxins are excreted into these specimens 1 . The use of non-therapeutic drugs by pregnant women is now a problem because of their bad effects on the fetus. To assess the effects of maternal use of drugs on the fetus data obtained from a newborn baby together with the mother sometimes become necessary. In that case blood and urine are of course usually used. Recently however meconium to be excreted by a newborn baby has become an object of interest 2 . At autopsy any body fluid and tissue can be used for analysis blood urine bile stomach contents and the liver are being well used. For assessment of intoxication degree the blood levels of drugs and poisons are usually used however we occasionally encounter the cases in which sufficient amounts of blood cannot be collected because of

• Y học thường thức
• Drugs and Poisons in Humans
• Handbook of Practical Analysis
• tác hại của ma tuý
• chất độc hại cho con người
• phòng chống nghiện ma tuý
• Alternative specimens
• computer system for diagnosis
• causative drugs
• poisons developed
• Pretreatments of human specimens
• Detection methods
• Practical use
• the poison net developed
• Problems in toxin analysis
• emergency medicine
• Analysis of chemical warfare agents
• related compounds
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
• metabolite
• Cyanide
• Methanol and formic acid
• Ethanol
• Chloroform and dichloromethane
• Toluene
• benzene
• xylene
• styrene
• Alkyl nitrites
• Components of gasoline
• Amphetamines
• metabolites
• Cannabinoids
• Morphine and its analogues
• Cocaine and its metabolites
• Pentazocine
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
• Methylenedioxyamphetamines