TAILIEUCHUNG - The Philosophy of Vacuum Part 19

The Philosophy of Vacuum Part 19. Physicists will find it extremely interesting, covering, as it does, technical subjects in an accessible way. For those with the necessary expertise, this book will provide an illuminating and authoritative exposition of a many-sided subject." -John D. Barrow, Times Literary Supplement. | The Vacuum and Unification 173 Fig. 5 Predicted convergence of the different interaction strengths at the very short distance ru. Source Contemporary Physics 26 333-91. Actually Fig. 5 is an oversimplification but proper calculations can be done which lead to qualitatively the same conclusion. The predicted value of ru comes out to be of the order of 10 31 m a distance which though apparently very tiny is still uncomfortably large from one point of view. If at this distance all forces are equivalent presumably the traditional distinction between strongly interacting quarks and non-strongly interacting leptons breaks down and transitions can occur between quarks and leptons. These transitions would allow the proton to decay . to 7t e yet it is known to be extremely stable. Of course the g - transitions occur only over the tiny volume within say a sphere of radius ru. Detailed calculations show that the proton lifetime goes roughly as rp r 4 where rp is the proton radius. Though this leads to a very long lifetime 1031-1032 years present limits on the observed proton lifetime are very hard to reconcile with the simplest grand unification schemes. The above has illustrated the role of the quantum vacuum in uncovering a symmetry at r where none appeared to exist at r 10-15-10 16 m . The second feature of the quantum field theory vacuum I need to recall is the way it can perhaps account for a striking lack of symmetry. 174 I. J. R. Aitchison The Vacuum as the Cause or Explanation of Asymmetry Despite the possible equality at ru in fundamental strengths of the weak electromagnetic and strong forces there still remains a profound asymmetry between them their different ranges. As is well known in quantum field theory the range R of a given force is inversely proportional to the mass M of the quantum of the associated force field R h Mc. As far as is known the photon is massless and the range of the electromagnetic force is infinite in this sense . By contrast the weak .

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