TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Organic chemistry: Chapter 22 - L. G. Wade, Jr.

Chapter 22 - Condensations and alpha substitutions of carbonyl compounds. In this chapter, we consider two more types of reactions: substitution at the carbon atom next to the carbonyl group (called alpha substitution) and carbonyl condensations. Carbonyl condensations are among the most common biological methods for building up and breaking down large molecules. | Chapter 22 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Condensations and Alpha Substitutions of Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 22 Alpha Substitution Alpha substitution is the substitution of one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon for an electrophile. The reaction occurs through an enolate ion intermediate. Chapter 22 Condensation with an Aldehyde or Ketone The enolate ion attacks the carbonyl group to form an alkoxide. Protonation of the alkoxide gives the addition product: a b-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Chapter 22 Condensation with Esters The enolate adds to the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Elimination of the leaving group (alkoxide) gives the substitution product (a b-carbonyl compound). Chapter 22 Keto–Enol Tautomers Tautomerization is an interconversion of isomers that occur through the migration of a proton and the movement of a double bond. Tautomers are not resonance form. .

• Hoá học
• Organic chemistry
• Lecture Organic chemistry
• Hóa học hữu cơ
• Electronic Structure
• Carbonyl compounds
• Alpha substitutions
• In this workbook
• experiments are elaborated using small scale glassware and equipments from a Small Lab Kit
• developed at the Department of Chemistry
• Faculty of Science
• Chulalongkorn University in Thailand
• This Small Lab Kit was created as a result of the research project entitled “Chemistry Laboratory Based on Chemical Safety and Pollution Minimization” sponsored by Thai Research Fund (RDG 3 07 2543)
• One of the outcomes of this project is the organic laboratory book entitled “Organic Chemistry Laboratory Based on Chemical Safety and Pollution Minimization” written in Thai by professors from 7 universities in this project
• They compiled
• adjusted and tested the experiments taken from several traditional organic chemistry laboratory books using the prototype of Small Lab Kit
• Currently
• some selected experiments from this Thai organic chemistry laboratory text have further been modified
• rewritten and edited in English as appeared in this workbook
• Some experiments ar
• Ebook Organic chemistry
• Nucleophilic substitution
• Determining organic structures
• nucleophilic addition
• Organic structures
• Electrophilic aromatic substitution
• Principles of organic chemistry
• Methods of organic chemistry
• The methane series
• The acetylene series
• Polybasic acids
• High school
• University entrance exam
• Teaching organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry exam question
• Interdisciplinary science
• Advanced practical organic chemistry
• Functional groups
• Organic synthesis reagents
• The structure
• Reactions of organic names
• Fundamentals of organic chemistry
• Carbonyl alpha substitution reactions
• Condensation reactions
• Structure determination
• The organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry principles in context
• Starch to the principles
• The structures of organic molecules
• Mass spectrometers
• Infrared spectrometers
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers
• Modern physical organic chemistry
• Strain and stability
• Covalent binding forces
• Electronic organic materials
• Thermal pericyclic reactions
• The study of organic chemistry
• Stereochemistry and resonance
• Identification of organic compounds
• Elimination reactions
• Electrophilic addition reactions
• Electron delocalization
• Organic compounds
• Cyclic hydrocarbons
• Aromatic alcohols
• Aromatic compounds containing
• Inorganic chemistry
• A guidebook to mechanism in organic chemistry
• Aromatic systems
• Linear free energy relationships
• Symmetry controlled reactions
• Fatty acid catabolism
• The chemistry of the carbonyl group
• The industrial road toward increasing efficiency
• Bài giảng Hóa học hữu cơ
• Chemistry of benzene
• Derivatives of benzene
• Summary of Organic Chemistry Dotoral Thesis
• Organic Chemistry Dotoral Thesis
• Natural Products Chemistry
• Biological evaluation
• Chemistry of natural compounds
• Ideas in chemistry
• Molecular sciences
• Synthetic chemistry
• Innovative processes in organic chemistry
• Predictive tools
• Organic chemical reactions
• Electronic configurations of atoms
• Electronic configurations
• Wave properties of electrons
• Wave interactions
• Stereochemistry of alkanes
• Alkane conformations
• Chemical reactions
• Chlorination of Methane
• Chiral carbons
• Nonmobile conformers
• Alkyl Halides