TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology: Chapter 48 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 48 - Neurons, synapses, and signaling. In this chapter you should be able to distinguish among the following sets of terms: sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons; membrane potential and resting potential; ungated and gated ion channels; electrical synapse and chemical synapse; EPSP and IPSP; summation. This chapter also explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential. | Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Overview: Lines of Communication The cone snail kills prey with venom that disables neurons. Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body. Neurons use two types of signals to communicate: electrical signals (long-distance) and chemical signals (short-distance). The cone snail is a deadly predator. Why? Figure What makes this snail such a deadly predator? For the Discovery Video Novelty Gene, go to Animation and Video Files. The transmission of information depends on the path of neurons along which a signal travels. Processing of information takes place in simple clusters of neurons called ganglia or a more complex organization of neurons called a brain. Signals Travel along a Path Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer The squid possesses extremely large nerve cells and is a good model for studying neuron function. Nervous systems process information in three stages: sensory input, integration, and motor output. Squid Nervous System Nerves with giant axons Ganglia Mantle Eye Brain Arm Nerve Figure Overview of the squid nervous system Sensors detect external stimuli and internal conditions and transmit information along sensory neurons. Sensory information is sent to the brain or ganglia, where interneurons integrate / process the information. Motor output leaves the brain or ganglia via motor neurons, which trigger muscle or gland activity = response. Many animals have a complex nervous system which consists of: A central nervous system (CNS) where integration takes place; this includes the brain and a nerve cord. A peripheral nervous system (PNS), which brings information into and out of the CNS. Information Processing Sensor: Detects stimulus Sensory input Integration Processing Effector: Does response Motor output Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) Figure Summary of information .

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