TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology: Chapter 21 - Niel Campbell, Jane Reece

Chapter 21 - Genomes and their evolution. This chapter explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing each contributed to the Human Genome Project, define the fields of proteomics and genomics, describe the surprising findings of the Human Genome Project with respect to the size of the human genome, distinguish between transposons and retrotransposons. | Chapter 21 Genomes and Their Evolution Overview: Reading the Leaves from the Tree of Life Complete genome sequences exist for a human, chimpanzee, E. coli, brewer’s yeast, nematode, fruit fly, house mouse, rhesus macaque, and other organisms. Comparisons of genomes among organisms provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and taxonomic groups. Genomics is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions. Bioinformatics is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data. Concept : New approaches have accelerated the pace of genome sequencing Officially begun as the Human Genome Project in 1990, the sequencing was largely completed by 2003. The project had three stages: Genetic (or linkage) mapping Physical mapping DNA sequencing Three-Stage Approach to Genome Sequencing A linkage map (genetic map) maps the location of several thousand genetic markers on each chromosome. A genetic marker is a gene or other identifiable DNA sequence. Recombination frequencies are used to determine the order and relative distances between genetic markers. Gene Sequencing Cytogenetic map Genes located by FISH Chromosome bands Linkage mapping 1 2 3 Genetic markers Physical mapping Overlapping fragments DNA sequencing Figure Three-stage approach to sequencing an entire genome A physical map expresses the distance between genetic markers, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA. It is constructed by cutting a DNA molecule into many short fragments and arranging them in order by identifying overlaps. A complete haploid set of human chromosomes consists of billion base pairs. Whole-Genome Shotgun Approach to Genome Sequencing The whole-genome shotgun approach was developed by J. Craig Venter in 1992. Powerful computer programs are used to order fragments into a continuous sequence. Shot Gun Approach to Gene Sequencing Cut the DNA into overlapping fragments short enough for sequencing 1 2 3 4 Clone the .

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