TAILIEUCHUNG - WATER REUSE IN PAPER MILLS MEASUREMENTS AND CONTROL PROBLEMS IN BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

The presence of chlorine in alternative fuels (., sewage sludge, municipal solid waste or incineration ash, chlorinated biomass,) has both direct and indirect implications on cement kiln emissions and performance. Methods have been developed to properly manage chlorine and its potential implications – but it is important that these implications be recognized and managed. Trace levels of chlorine in feed materials can lead to the formation of acidic gases such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) (WBCSD 2002). Chlorine compounds can also build-up on kiln surfaces and lead to corrosion (McIlveen-Wright 2007). . | Water Reuse in Paper Mills Measurements and Control Problems in Biological Treatment Tomas Alexandersson Lund University Licentiate Thesis Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Lund University Box 118 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden http ISBN 91-88934-28-4 CODEN LUTEDX TEIE-1036 1-138 2003 2003 Tomas Alexandersson Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck Lund University Lund 2003 ii Abstract Paper manufacturing is a complex and multidisciplinary science due to the diversity of paper products used raw materials and different production processes. Besides fibres different chemicals water and energy are needed to produce paper. The use of fresh water has decreased significantly during the last decades and there are several reasons for this such as limited availability of fresh water increased cost for effluent treatment and marketing benefits. This decreased consumption has been made possible by the reuse of process water instead of fresh water. However at a certain degree of closure different problems occur. Many of them are in some way related to the growth of microorganisms in the system. One method to solve the problems is to implement an internal kidney consisting of at least a biological treatment step. Since nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous normally are limited in the whitewater these have to be added in order to have an efficient biological treatment process. One major challenge is to operate the biological system with low concentrations of nutrients in the effluent otherwise the conditions in the whitewater system will be negatively affected. Consequently there is a need for automatic control of the nutrient addition. It is possible to control the flow of whitewater to the treatment process but not the actual concentrations of organic compounds in the whitewater which therefore can be regarded as a process disturbance. An investigation was made at two different .

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