TAILIEUCHUNG - Báo cáo khoa học: "Online Learning of Approximate Dependency Parsing Algorithms"

In this paper we extend the maximum spanning tree (MST) dependency parsing framework of McDonald et al. (2005c) to incorporate higher-order feature representations and allow dependency structures with multiple parents per word. We show that those extensions can make the MST framework computationally intractable, but that the intractability can be circumvented with new approximate parsing algorithms. We conclude with experiments showing that discriminative online learning using those approximate algorithms achieves the best reported parsing accuracy for Czech and Danish. . | Online Learning of Approximate Dependency Parsing Algorithms Ryan McDonald Fernando Pereira Department of Computer and Information Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 ryantm pereira @ Abstract In this paper we extend the maximum spanning tree MST dependency parsing framework of McDonald et al. 2005c to incorporate higher-order feature representations and allow dependency structures with multiple parents per word. We show that those extensions can make the MST framework computationally intractable but that the intractability can be circumvented with new approximate parsing algorithms. We conclude with experiments showing that discriminative online learning using those approximate algorithms achieves the best reported parsing accuracy for Czech and Danish. 1 Introduction Dependency representations of sentences Hudson 1984 Meicuk 1988 model head-dependent syntactic relations as edges in a directed graph. Figure 1 displays a dependency representation for the sentence John hit the ball with the bat. This sentence is an example of a projective or nested tree representation in which all edges can be drawn in the plane with none crossing. Sometimes a non-projective representations are preferred as in the sentence in Figure In particular for freer-word order languages non-projectivity is a common phenomenon since the relative positional constraints on dependents is much less rigid. The dependency structures in Figures 1 and 2 satisfy the tree constraint they are weakly connected graphs with a unique root node and each non-root node has a exactly one parent. Though trees are Examples are drawn from McDonald et al. 2005c . more common some formalisms allow for words to modify multiple parents Hudson 1984 . Recently McDonald et al. 2005c have shown that treating dependency parsing as the search for the highest scoring maximum spanning tree MST in a graph yields efficient algorithms for both projective and non-projective trees. When .

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