TAILIEUCHUNG - Management of chronic heart failure

The head of an organizational unit must ensure that the organization has the capabilities needed to accomplish its mission. These mission owners must determine the security capabilities that their IT systems must have to provide the desired level of mission support in the face of real-world threats. Most organizations have tight budgets for IT security; therefore, IT security spending must be reviewed as thoroughly as other management decisions. A well-structured risk management methodology, when used effectively, can help management identify appropriate controls for providing the mission-essential security capabilities | SI GN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network NHS Quality Improvement Scotland Management of chronic heart failure A national clinical guideline 1 Introduction 1 2 Diagnosis and investigations 4 3 Behavioural modification 10 4 Pharmacological therapies 14 5 Interventional procedures 22 6 Models of care 25 7 Palliative care 28 8 Sources of further information and support for patients and carers 30 9 Implementation and audit 31 10 Development of the guideline 33 Abbreviations 37 Annexes 39 References 49 February 2007 COPIES OF ALL SIGN GUIDELINES ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE AT KEY TO EVIDENCE STATEMENTS AND GRADES OF RECOMMENDATIONS LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 1 High quality meta-analyses systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials RCTs or RCTs with a very low risk of bias 1 Well conducted meta-analyses systematic reviews of RCTs or RCTs with a low risk of bias 1 - Meta-analyses systematic reviews of RCTs or RCTs with a high risk of bias 2 High quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies High quality case control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal 2 Well conducted case control or cohort studies with a low risk of confounding or bias and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal 2 - Case control or cohort studies with a high risk of confounding or bias and a significant risk that the relationship is not causal 3 Non-analytic studies eg case reports case series 4 Expert opinion GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION Note The grade of recommendation relates to the strength of the evidence on which the recommendation is based. It does not reflect the clinical importance of the recommendation. A B C D At least one meta-analysis systematic review of RCTs or RCT rated as 1 and directly applicable to the target population or A body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1 directly applicable to the target population and demonstrating overall .

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