TAILIEUCHUNG - MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION UNDER FOREST CANOPIES: SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT AND SAMPLING DESIGN

A number of methods for safe disposal of pharmaceutical waste are described in this document and involve those with minimal risks to public health and the environment taking into consideration the limited resources and equipment available. The adoption of these guidelines by the ministry of health and social welfare, ministry responsible for environment and other relevant ministries, and their practical application, will contribute to the safe and economical elimination of stock piles of unusable pharmaceuticals in Zanzibar. The best environmental option for pharmaceutical waste destruction is to use high temperature incineration with adequate flue gas cleaning. However, this is not the only method that can be used. | MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION UNDER FOREST CANOPIES SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT AND SAMPLING DESIGN ANNE THIMONIER Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland Received 18 March 1996 accepted 25 February 1997 Abstract. Quantification of the forest water flux provides valuable information for the understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. As such throughfall and stemflow to a lesser extent has been frequently measured. Although throughfall collection may seem relatively simple the requirements to obtain reliable estimates are often underestimated. This review addresses the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field. Sound sampling of the forest water flux is difficult due to its high spatial and temporal variation. The high costs entailed by the ideal sampling design often prohibit its implementation. Different procedures are available some of which are compromises between the aim of the study monitoring or experimental study short or long term objectives absolute or relative estimates quality of the assessment to be achieved and the available means. Key words atmospheric deposition methodology sampling spatial variation temporal variation throughfall stemflow water chemistry 1. Introduction Precipitation under forest canopies is frequently measured in forest ecosystem studies. Terms and definitions used to describe it differ but Parker s 1983 designations have been most commonly used. Two components of the forest water flux are distinguished. Throughfall consists of the water dripping from the canopy as well as the portion of precipitation reaching the forest floor without having being intercepted by the crowns. Stemflow is the water running down the branches and the trunk and depositing at the base of the tree Parker 1983 . Throughfall usually makes up the major portion of precipitation under the canopy and

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