TAILIEUCHUNG - Heat-transfer Equipment

The power state of a laptop computer is usually difficult to determine, unless it is in use and obviously on. A closed laptop has few external indicators, and those that are present are often ambiguous and inconsistent (., between brands or models). In terms of improving our estimates of laptop unit energy consumption, the most relevant data is the amount of time each laptop spends plugged in, and how often its battery is (re)charged. Therefore, we recorded, at a minimum, whether or not each laptop was plugged in. In this report. | CHAPTER 12 Heat-transfer Equipment . INTRODUCTION The transfer of heat to and from process fluids is an essential part of most chemical processes. The most commonly used type of heat-transfer equipment is the ubiquitous shell and tube heat exchanger the design of which is the main subject of this chapter. The fundamentals of heat-transfer theory are covered in Volume 1 Chapter 9 and in many other textbooks Holman 2002 Ozisik 1985 Rohsenow et al. 1998 Kreith and Bohn 2000 and Incropera and Dewitt 2001 . Several useful books have been published on the design of heat exchange equipment. These should be consulted for fuller details of the construction of equipment and design methods than can be given in this book. A selection of the more useful texts is listed in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. The compilation edited by Schlunder 1983ff see also the edition by Hewitt 1990 is probably the most comprehensive work on heat exchanger design methods available in the open literature. The book by Saunders 1988 is recommended as a good source of information on heat exchanger design especially for shell-and-tube exchangers. As with distillation work on the development of reliable design methods for heat exchangers has been dominated in recent years by commercial research organisations Heat Transfer Research Inc. HTRI in the United States and Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Service HTFS in the United Kingdom. HTFS was developed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and the National Physical Laboratory but is now available from Aspentech see Chapter 4 Table . Their methods are of a proprietary nature and are not therefore available in the open literature. They will however be available to design engineers in the major operating and contracting companies whose companies subscribe to these organisations. The principal types of heat exchanger used in the chemical process and allied industries which will be discussed in this chapter are listed below 1. .

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