TAILIEUCHUNG - Preparetaiton course for the toefl ibt reading part 1

It can be used as a supplementary text in a more general ESL/HFL course. Along with its companion audio program, it can be used as a tool for individual¬ ized study by students preparing for the iBT TOEFL test outside of the ESL/EFL classroom. | kt - - SECTION ONE READING READING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST 30 minutes This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. The Reading section is divided into separately timed parts. Most questions are worth 1 point but the last question for each passage is worth more than 1 point. The directions for the last question indicate how many points you may receive. You will now begin the Reading section. In this part you will read 1 passage. You will have 30 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions. 2 READING Read the passage. 30 minutes Paragraph Aggression 1 Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause injury pain suffering damage or destruction. While aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression. What is key to the definition of aggression is that whenever harm is inflicted be it physical or verbal it is intentional. 2 Questions about the causes of aggression have long been of concern to both social and biological scientists. Theories about the causes of aggression cover a broad spectrum ranging from those with biological or instinctive emphases to those that portray aggression as a learned behavior. 3 Numerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and natural human instinct. Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. Biological or instinctive theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. A number of ethologists have based upon their .

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