TAILIEUCHUNG - Being Born Under Adverse Economic Conditions Leads to a Higher Cardiovascular Mortality Rate Later in Life: Evidence Based on Individuals Born at Different Stages of the Business Cycle

Combining investment in public transportation capital and operations within the US, the analysis indicates that an average of 36,000 jobs are supported for one year, per billion dollars of annual spending on public transportation, given the existing mix of operations (71 percent) and capital (29 percent) expenditures. These investment impacts include directly supported jobs at manufacturers and at operators of public transportation equipment and facilities, plus additional “indirect” jobs supported by orders for other product and service providers, and “indirect” jobs supported by consumer spending of workers’ wages. These overall impacts can represent new jobs insofar. | I z A DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 3635 Being Born Under Adverse Economic Conditions Leads to a Higher Cardiovascular Mortality Rate Later in Life Evidence Based on Individuals Born at Different Stages of the Business Cycle Gerard J. van den Berg Gabriele Doblhammer-Reiter Kaare Christensen August 2008 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Being Born Under Adverse Economic Conditions Leads to a Higher Cardiovascular Mortality Rate Later in Life Evidence Based on Individuals Born at Different Stages of the Business Cycle Gerard J. van den Berg VU University Amsterdam IFAU Uppsala Netspar CEPR IFS and IzA Gabriele Doblhammer-Reiter University of Rostock and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Kaare Christensen University of Southern Denmark Danish Twin Registry and Danish Aging Research Center Discussion Paper No. 3635 August 2008 IZA . Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone 49-228-3894-0 Fax 49-228-3894-180 E-mail iza@ Any opinions expressed here are those of the author s and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor IZA in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network workshops and conferences data service project support research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in i original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics ii development of policy concepts and iii dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of

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