TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 30

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 30. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | 5 STEAM AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES INTRODUCTION This chapter outlines in a more or less chronological sequence the history of power production by steam and by internal combustion. Steam power is represented by the reciprocating steam engine and the steam turbine. The internal combustion engine and the gas turbine are examples of the other class of thermal prime movers. The devices described in this section are practical realizations of the theoretical concept called a heat engine. This is the ideal against which all practical engines are evaluated and with which the inventor formulates his original concept and the performance of which he strives to attain. Because of the central role of the heat engine and thermodynamics the relation between heat and work a brief review is given in the Appendix p. 342. The historical progress of thermal prime movers is concisely summarized by a chronological record of the important performance parameters. Appropriate graphs are given for each class of prime mover. The parameters displayed are maximum temperatures and pressures the power output and the thermal efficiency or specific fuel consumption. For the reciprocating internal combustion engine the mean effective pressure P and the piston speed 2xstroke xrpm are also presented. These are in turn related to the power output hp of the single-cylinder engine through hp PLAN. P mean effective pressure N m2 or lbs in2 L stroke m or ft A piston area m2 or in2 N number of effective strokes per minute rpm 2 four-stroke internal combustion engine or rpm two-stroke internal combustion engine or the single-acting steam engine . For the opposed piston or double-acting engines the power given by the formula must be doubled. 272 STEAM AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES STEAM ENGINES The role of the steam engine in bringing about the industrialization of a rural world is well known. It also had an important influence on the development of materials and of design methods. .

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