TAILIEUCHUNG - An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 7

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 7. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | INTRODUCTION the double triode type and consumed about 150kW of electrical power. To keep all these circuits in operation at the same time is said to have been extremely difficult but if this could be done for one hour ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator could do more work than ASCC would do in a week. Despite the success of ENIAC computer engineers did not long have to depend on thermionic valves for in 1948 the point-contact transistor of Bardeen and Brattain and the junction transistor of William Shockley both emerged from the laboratories of the Bell Telephone Company in the USA. The transistor was much smaller than the thermionic valve consumed less power and was far more reliable. The controlled flow of electrons in crystalline substances was also used in other semiconductor devices such as the varistor the thermistor the phototransistor and the magnetic memory. From printed circuits the technology soon moved on to integrated circuits in which the transistors and associated components are formed and interconnected in situ as thin films on a chip substratum. Up to 20 000 transistors can be integrated on a chip 6mmx3mm and thick. It is little over a hundred years since Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone 1876 and Edison and Swan the incandescent lamp 1879 . In the century that followed electronics has given us radio television the tape recorder the video recorder the pocket calculator automation and robotics the electron microscope the heart pacemaker myo-electrically controlled artificial limbs the automatic aircraft pilot the maser and the laser computer-aided design and manufacture solar cells satellite communication and with the rocket man in space and unmanned space probes. Science and technology have combined to accelerate us into the Electronic Age. wrote Faraday Henry and Maxwell would have had little influence in the world without Bell Edison and Marconi. Science and technology the two arms of progress .

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