TAILIEUCHUNG - Báo cáo khoa học: "an experimental study of ambiguity and context"

Ambiguity is the common cold of the pathology of language. The logician recognizes equivocation as a frequent source of fallacious reasoning. The student of propaganda and public opinion sees in ambiguity an enormous obstacle to successful communication. | Mechanical Translation November 1955 an experimental study of ambiguity and context Abraham Kaplan Department of Philosophy University of California Los Angeles Ambiguity is the common cold of the pathology of language. The logician recognizes equivocation as a frequent source of fallacious reasoning. The student of propaganda and public opinion sees in ambiguity an enormous obstacle to successful communication. Even the sciences are not altogether free of verbalistic disputes that turn on confused multiple meanings of key terms. Special importance attaches to ambiguity as a result of the growing interest in the possibilities of mass translation rapid and routine translation of large bodies of material. The simplest expedient as a first approximation is word by word translation a word for word substitution carried out by essentially clerical methods very possibly by machine. But word for word substitution is hardly usable when the words of both languages are even moderately ambiguous. It is a familiar fact that ambiguity of isolated words is reduced by the contexts of their occurrence. The total behavioral situation in which language functions is decisive in determining what will be communicated. For many problems however and in particular that of mass translation the behavioral situation is not accessible. The context itself an ambiguous word must here be taken to consist of the verbal setting in which the word to be interpreted occurs . the other words with which it is being used. The problem of this study is to determine to what extent and in what ways verbal setting reduces ambiguity. Is ambiguity primarily a feature of words in isolation or does it persist to some extent even in context What part of the context is most effective in reducing ambiguity for instance how is the ambiguity of a selected word affected by the words immediately preceding and following it as compared with the effect of the entire sentence in which it occurs Does

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