TAILIEUCHUNG - Báo cáo khoa học: Evolutionary mechanisms acting on proteinase inhibitor variability

The interaction of proteinase inhibitors produced, in most cases, by host organisms and the invasive proteinases of pathogens or parasites or the dietary proteinases of predators, results in an evolutionary ‘arms race’ of rapid and ongoing change in both interacting proteins. | REVIEW ARTICLE Evolutionary mechanisms acting on proteinase inhibitor variability John T. Christeller Horticulture Food Research Institute of NZ Palmerston North New Zealand Keywords evolution hypervariability pathogenesis predation proteinase inhibitor Correspondence J. T. Christeller HortResearch Private Bag 11030 Palmerston North New Zealand Tel 64 6356 8080 ext 7760 E-mail jchristeller@ Received 31 May 2005 accepted 15 September 2005 doi The interaction of proteinase inhibitors produced in most cases by host organisms and the invasive proteinases of pathogens or parasites or the dietary proteinases of predators results in an evolutionary arms race of rapid and ongoing change in both interacting proteins. The importance of these interactions in pathogenicity and predation is indicated by the high level and diversity of observable evolutionary activity that has been found. At the initial level of evolutionary change recruitment of other functional protein-folding families has occurred with the more recent evolution of one class of proteinase inhibitor from another using the same mechanism and proteinase contact residues. The combination of different inhibitor domains into a single molecule is also observed. The basis from which variation is possible is shown by the high rate of retention of gene duplication events and by the associated process of inhibitory domain multiplication. At this level of reorganization mutually exclusive splicing is also observed. Finally the major mechanism by which variation is achieved rapidly is hypervariation of contact residues an almost ubiquitous feature of proteinase inhibitors. The diversity of evolutionary mechanisms in a single class of proteins is unlikely to be common because few systems are under similar pressure to create variation. Proteinase inhibitors are therefore a potential model system in which to study basic evolutionary process such as functional diversification.

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