TAILIEUCHUNG - Comparative tests of reproductive skew in male primates: the roles of demographic factors and incomplete control

In 2005, the baseline country studies pointed to a lack of connection between advocacy for reduction of maternal mortality in national-level planning and the necessary linkage to effective programmatic responses through resource allocation, capacity- building and human-resource development. The 2011 case-studies suggest that this problem persists: despite a closing of the gap between policy and programmes, the limited progress with improving health outcomes has shown the importance of strengthening health systems – particularly for maternal and newborn health. For example, in Malawi and Lao People’s Democratic Republic, progress is being made against the MDG 5A targets, though at levels below their. | Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006 60 695-706 DOI s00265-006-0213-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Nobuyuki Kutsukake Charles L. Nunn Comparative tests of reproductive skew in male primates the roles of demographic factors and incomplete control Received 19 September 2005 Revised 17 March 2006 Accepted 1 May 2006 Published online 11 August 2006 Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract Reproductive skew models have been proposed as a unifying framework for understanding animal social systems but few studies have investigated reproductive skew in a broad evolutionary context. We compiled data on the distribution of mating among males for 31 species of primates and calculated skew indices for each study. We analyzed the determinants of mating skew with phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate two models from reproductive skew theory the concession model and the tug-of-war model. Mating skew decreased as the number of males increased in multimale groups suggesting that monopolization of females becomes more difficult when there are more rivals and therefore supporting the tug-of-war model. We predicted that single males are unable to monopolize receptive females as overlap in female receptivity increases estrous synchrony and as a result that mating skew decreases. However we did not find any evidence for a link between female estrous synchrony and male mating skew. Finally the concession model predicts high skew in male philopatric species relative to species in which males disperse yet our measures of mating skew showed no significant associations with qualitative scores of male dispersal. More definitive tests of the concession model will require more quantitative measures of relatedness which are presently unavailable for most primate species in our study. Overall our results provide support for the tug-of-war model in primates and the approach developed here can be applied to study comparative patterns of skew in other biological systems. Keywords Reproductive skew . Primates . .

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