TAILIEUCHUNG - Reproductive Ecology and the Endometrium: Physiology, Variation, and New Directions

ASRM and the College of American Pathologists administer a reproductive laboratory accreditation program for embryology labs to assure that they conform to high national standards of quality. ASRM also produces ethics and practice guidelines. Its affiliate, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), strictly monitors member clinics for adherence to ASRM guidelines, accreditation of their embryology labs, qualification of their staff, and submission of data to the CDC. | YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 52 137-154 2009 Reproductive Ecology and the Endometrium Physiology Variation and New Directions Kathryn . Clancy Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 KEY WORDS reproductive ecology endometrium ecology energetics inflammation ABSTRACT Endometrial function is often overlooked in the study of fertility in reproductive ecology but it is crucial to implantation and the support of a successful pregnancy. Human female reproductive physiology can handle substantial energy demands that include the production of fecund cycles ovulation fertilization placentation a 9-month gestation and often several years of lactation. The particular morphology of the human endometrium as well as our relative copiousness of menstruation and large neonatal size suggests that endometrial function has more resources allocated to it than many other primates. The human endometrium has a particularly invasive kind of hemochorial placentation and trophoblast that maximizes surface area and maternal-fetal contact yet these processes are actually less efficient than the placentation of some of our primate relatives. The human endometrium and its associated processes appear to prioritize maximizing the transmission of oxygen and glucose to the fetus over efficiency and protection of maternal resources. Ovarian function controls many aspects of endometrial function and thus variation in the endometrium is often a reflection of ecological factors that impact the ovaries. However preliminary evidence and literature from populations of different reproductive states ages and pathologies also suggests that ecological stress plays a role in endometrial variation different from or even independent of ovarian function. Immune stress and psychosocial stress appear to play some role in the endometrium s ability to carry a fetus through the mechanism of inflammation. Thus within reproductive ecology we should move towards a model

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