TAILIEUCHUNG - The Coming of Materials Science P12

Công nghệ cơ khí thường tạo ra các giả lập mô phỏng hoạt động của các đối tượng, như quy trình chế tạo thực tế theo trình tự tối ưu hóa sự thực hiện, hiệu quả kinh tế và chi phí năng lượng trước khi quyết định lựa chọn một thiết kế cụ thể. | Craft Turned into Science 365 domestic use unlike the arc lamp perfected a few years previously which was only thought suitable for open-air use. Edison not only made the first successful filament lamp he also organised the building of the first central electric power station after a brief interval when dispute reigned over the relative merits of central and individual domestic generation of electricity. The Edison Electric Light Company both to generate electricity and to sell the lamps to use it was incorporated in 1878. Thereupon a no-holds-barred race took place between robber barons of various types for power generation and lamp design and manufacture. By 1890 Edison had six major competitors. All this is recounted in splendid detail in a book by Cox 1979 published to celebrate the centenary of Edison s momentous success. Edison s lamps were primitive and their life was limited because of the fragility of the carbon filaments the expense of hand manufacture and the inadequacy of contemporary vacuum pumps. The extraordinary lengths to which Edison went to find the best organic precursor for filaments including the competitive trying-out of beard-hairs from two men is retailed in a racy essay by Jehl 1995 . Many alternatives notably platinum and osmium were tried especially after Edison s patents ran out in the mid-1890s until in 1911 General Electric put on sale lamps made with the non-sag tungsten filaments developed by William Coolidge and they swept all before them. These filaments are still today made essentially by the same elaborate methods as used in 1911 using sintering of doped metal powder see Section . An entire book was recently devoted to the different stages and aspects of manufacture of tungsten filaments Bartha et al. 1995 . Many manufacturers tried to break GE s patents and the lawyers and their advisers had a splendid time my wife s father a metallurgist to whose memory this book is dedicated sent his three children to boarding school on .

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