TAILIEUCHUNG - Modeling Tools for Environmental Engineers and Scientists Episode 5

Tham khảo tài liệu 'modeling tools for environmental engineers and scientists episode 5', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | CHAPTER 4 Fundamentals of Environmental Processes CHAPTER PREVIEW The objective of this chapter is to review the fundamental principles required to formulate material balance equations which are the building blocks in mathematical modeling of environmental systems. Toward this end fundamental concepts and principles of environmental processes commonly encountered in both engineered and natural systems are reviewed here. Topics reviewed include phase contents phase equilibrium partitioning transport processes and reactive and nonreactive processes. Finally integration of these concepts in formulating the material balance equation is outlined. Again rather than rigorous and complete thermodynamic and mechanistic analyses only the extracts are included to serve the modeling goal. INTRODUCTION The ultimate objective of this book is to develop models to describe the changes of concentrations of contaminants in engineered and natural systems. Changes within a system can result due to transport into and or out of the system and or processes acting on the contaminants within the system. Contaminants can be transported through a system by microscopic and macroscopic mechanisms such as diffusion dispersion and advection. At the same time they may or may not undergo a variety of physical chemical and biological processes within the system. Some of these processes result in changes in the molecular nature of the contaminants while others result in mere change of phase or separation. The former type of processes can be categorized as reactive processes and the latter as nonreactive processes. Those 2002 by CRC Press LLC contaminants that do not undergo any significant processes are called conservative substances and those that do are called reactive substances. While most contaminants are reactive to a good extent a few substances behave as conservative substances. Nonreactive substances such as chlorides can be used as tracers to study certain system characteristics. A .

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