TAILIEUCHUNG - Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease

Faulty construction or neglected maintenance is the primary cause of structural hazards in homes and schools. Faulty construction leads to building defects that increase the likelihood of structural hazards and fires, which in turn increase the risk of falls, burns, and other injuries. These defects also lead to inadequate ventilation and moisture accumulation; both factors raise the levels of asthma triggers in the home (38, 52). Poor ventilation, especially of tightly sealed homes, can lead to the buildup of combustion by-products (such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide compounds), especially when wood-burning stoves, gas cooking stoves or. | Periodontology 2000 Vol. 44 2007 127-153 Printed in Singapore. All rights reserved 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation 2007 Blackwell Munksgaard PERIODONTOLOGY 2000 Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease Brian L. Mealey Gloria L. Ocampo Definition Diabetes mellitus is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders manifested by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. The hyperglycemia is the result of a deficiency of insulin secretion caused by pancreatic b-cell dysfunction or of resistance to the action of insulin in liver and muscle or a combination of these. Frequently this metabolic disarrangement is associated with alterations in adipocyte metabolism. Diabetes is a syndrome and it is now recognized that chronic hyperglycemia leads to long-term damage to different organs including the heart eyes kidneys nerves and vascular system. There are several etiologies for diabetes and although establishing the type of diabetes for each patient is important understanding the pathophysiology of the various forms of the disease is the key to appropriate treatment. The current classification of diabetes is based upon the pathophysiology of each form of the disease. Physiological action of insulin plasma glucose is regulated over a relatively narrow range 55-165 mg dl during the course of 24 h despite wide fluctuations in glucose supply and consumption. insulin is the primary regulator of glucose homeostasis but it also plays a critical role in fat and protein metabolism. insulin production and secretion increase with food ingestion and fall with food deprivation. The hormone has major effects on muscle adipose tissue and the liver. insulin allows glucose from the bloodstream to enter the target tissues where glucose is used for energy. The insulin receptor is a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular a-subunits and two transmembrane b-subunits. The binding of the ligand to the a-subunit of the insulin receptor .

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