TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of Workability and Process Design Part 6

Tham khảo tài liệu 'handbook of workability and process design part 6', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 174 Process Design and Workability a b Fig. 3 Localized strains at the edges of bars during a rolling and b their variation with edge profile. Source Ref 2 a b Fig. 4 Strains at the free surfaces of forgings a Axisymmetric hub. b Rib-web forging Chapter 12 Workability Theory and Application in Bulk Forming Processes 175 Fig. 5 An element of material at the die contact surfaces during a forging b drawing or extrusion and c rolling Fig. 6 An element of material at the center of a forging undergoing a double extrusion and b at the center of wire being drawn. The element undergoes strains Ep and E2 as in Fig. 2 to 4 with stress o3 normal to the 1-2 plane. ing the same microstructural features as the material in the localized potential fracture regions of the actual process. Specifically when evaluating a workpiece for surface fractures specimen surfaces must contain the as-received surface of the workpiece under consideration because it may contain laps seams a decarburized layer and so on which affect fracture initiation. By the same argument evaluation of material for internal fractures such as central burst must involve test specimens taken from the middle of the workpiece where for example segregation of second phases may have occurred. Because of possible anisotropy effects orientation of the critical stresses with respect to any inclusion alignment must be the same in the test specimens as it is in the actual process and material of interest. The compression test has become a standard for workability evaluation. As shown in Fig. 2 a range of strain combinations can be developed at the cylindrical free surface simply by altering fig 7 Compression tests on 2024-T35 aluminum alloy. Left to right undeformed specimen compression with friction cracked compression without friction no cracks friction and geometry conditions. The influence of friction and consequent bulging on circumferential tensile stress development is clearly shown in Fig. 7. Compression with friction

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