TAILIEUCHUNG - Passive Sampling Techniques Episode 11

Tham khảo tài liệu 'passive sampling techniques episode 11', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Techniques for quantitatively evaluating aquatic passive sampling devices often fails to address other factors that are equally or quite likely more important in evaluating a passive sampling design. The real value of a field validation is that it allows the developer to experience the process that users will need to go through in deploying the devices in a real-world situation. These include storage refrigeration and transport issues deployment and retrieval processes at the site cleaning up a sampler after deployment assessment of degradation of the sampler surface housing and extraction clean-up and analysis of a contaminated passive sampler extract. Laboratory studies seldom address these issues which may indeed prove to be crucial in adoption of a technology. In situ validation also obviates the requirement for maintaining an exposure concentration in the laboratory. However here the problem becomes independently validating the exposure concentration particularly for hydrophobic compounds distributed in both the dissolved and particulate associated phases. The purpose of this section is to review briefly the methods that have been employed in the limited simultaneous active and passive field deployments to date. It covers both high-volume sampling for hydrophobic organics and high-frequency grab sampling for hydrophilics and inorganics. High-volume solid-phase extraction Solid-phase extraction SPE has become the preferred method for separation of organics from water in recent decades. This is due to the widespread availability of SPE phases with an affinity for a broad spectrum of compounds lower solvent requirements compared with liquid-liquid extraction relatively high recovery rates and ease of use. Although SPE is typically performed under vacuum in the laboratory a number of mechanical systems have been developed for its application in the field in particular for extracting hydrophobics from large volumes of water. Several devices such as the .

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