TAILIEUCHUNG - APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING TO AUDIO AND ACOUSTICS

With the advent of multimedia, digital signal processing (DSP) of sound has emerged from the shadow of bandwidth-limited speech processing. Today, the main applications of audio DSP are high quality audio coding and the digital generation and manipulation of music signals. They share common research topics including perceptual measurement techniques and analysis/synthesis methods. Smaller but nonetheless very important topics are hearing aids using signal processing technology and hardware architectures for digital signal processing of audio. In all these areas the last decade has seen a significant amount of application oriented research | APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING TO AUDIO AND ACOUSTICS edited by Mark Kahrs Rutgers University Piscataway New Jersey USA Karlheinz Brandenburg Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen Erlangen Germany KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK BOSTON DORDRECHT LONDON MOSCOW eBook ISBN 0-3064-7042-X Print ISBN 0-7923-8130-0 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York Boston Dordrecht London Moscow All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical recording or otherwise without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at http and Kluwer s eBookstore at http This page intentionally left blank. Contents List of Figures xiii ListofTables xxi Contributing Authors xxiii Introduction XX ix Karlheinz Brandenburg and Mark Kahrs 1 Audio quality determination based on perceptual measurement techniques 1 John G. Beerends Introduction 1 Basic measuring philosophy 2 Subjective versus objective perceptual testing 6 Psychoacoustic fundamentals of calculating the internal sound representation 8 Computation of the internal sound representation 1 3 The perceptual audio quality measure PAQM 17 Validation of the PAQM on speech and music codec databases 20 Cognitive effects in judging audio quality 22 ITU Standardization 29 ITU-T speech quality 30 ITU-R audio quality 35 1. 10 Conclusions 37 2 Perceptual Coding of High Quality Digital Audio 39 Karlheinz Brandenburg Introduction 39 VI APPLICATIONS OF DSP TO AUDIO AND ACOUSTICS Some Facts about Psychoacoustics 42 Masking in the Frequency Domain 42 Masking in the Time Domain 44 Variability between listeners 45 Basic ideas of perceptual coding 47 Basic block diagram 48 Additional coding tools 49 Perceptual Entropy 50 Description of coding tools 50 Filter banks

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