TAILIEUCHUNG - ELSEVIER'S DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES phần 8

Tham khảo tài liệu 'elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories phần 8', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 456 investigation of the knee jerk response. Pavlov along with another Russian scientist Vladimir M. Bekhterev 1857-1927 - who is best known for his work on associated reflexes and the conditioning of motor withdrawal responses - both worked within the conditioning framework laid down by their Russian predecessor Ivan M. Sechenov 18291905 . Sechenov freely used the expression psychic reflexes and interpreted a person s voluntary behavior in reflex terms. Pavlov acknowledged the importance of having read Sechenov as he began to study psychic processes by physiological means. The procedure of Pavlovian conditioning which is a particular form of learning consists of the pairing of two stimuli each of which initially produces a response that is different from the other one. Pavlov s classical conditioning experiment involved placing meat powder in a dog s mouth whereupon salivation took place the food was called the unconditioned stimulus UCS and the salivation was called the unconditioned reflex URC . Subsequently an arbitrary stimulus such as a light or bell was combined with the presentation of the food. Eventually after repetition and the optimal time relationships the light or bell evoked salivation independently of the food the light or bell became a conditioned stimulus CS and the response to it was called a conditioned reflex CR cf. the Rescorla-Wagner theory model - states that the increment in the CS-CR association on any one trial is a decreasing function of the predictability of the CS . Many such conditioning studies indicate that the CR is seldom if ever an exact replica of the UCR and may differ markedly from it. This fact was recognized early by American researchers and led to the substitution of the term response for reflex inasmuch as the concept of reflex implies a fixed and stereotyped movement. Pavlov developed a number of concepts and principles in his systematic study and theorizing about conditioning reinforcement extinction cf. overtraining - .

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