TAILIEUCHUNG - Severe ozone air pollution in the Persian Gulf region

Damage costs to material and crops, cleaning costs due to soiling, and so on, although not easy to determine, can be estimated as a function of pollutant levels (Rid- ker, 1967). However, there is the problem of translating into monetary value the effects on health resulting from air pollution. One way of looking at the problem is to ask: How much are people willing to spend to lower the incidence of disease, prevent disability, and prolong life? Attempts at answering this question have focused on the amount that is spent on medical care and the value of earnings missed as a result of sickness or death. Lave. | Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 1393-1406 2009 9 1393 2009 Author s 2009. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Severe ozone air pollution in the Persian Gulf region J. Lelieveld1 2 P. Hoor2 P. Jockel2 A. Pozzer1 P. Hadjinicolaou1 . Cammas3 and S. Beirle2 1Energy Environment and Water Research Centre The Cyprus Institute 20 Kavafi Street 1645 Nicosia Cyprus 2Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Becherweg 27 55128 Mainz Germany 3Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees CNRS - Laboratoire d Aerologie 14 Avenue E. Belin 31400 Toulouse France Received 8 August 2008 - Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 29 September 2008 Revised 23 January 2009 - Accepted 16 February 2009 - Published 20 February 2009 Abstract. Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistryclimate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Longdistance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future. 1 Introduction Ozone O3 plays a key role in atmospheric oxidation processes and photochemical air pollution. Although there is no general consensus about the critical levels for .

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