TAILIEUCHUNG - Nuclear Power Part 11

Tham khảo tài liệu 'nuclear power part 11', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 294 Nuclear Power The routine monitoring of radiation in environment of NPPs often does not include some important nuclides namely carbon-14 14C which have or may have significant contribution to effective dose of human exposure in the whole nuclear fuel cycle. 14C halflife 5730 years maximum beta particles energy of 156 keV occurs naturally in the environment due to the cosmic-ray secondary neutrons induced production in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere on nitrogen atoms 14N n p 14C Libby 1946 Raaen et al. 1968 . The naturally occurring cosmogenic 14C is generated at a rate of 1015 Bq year. Fig. 1. Study area location At the beginning of the 19th century the concentration of 14C compared to the stable isotope 12C in the atmosphere began to decrease due to the increased burning of fossil fuel and consequent anthropogenic emissions via the Suess effect Fairhall Young 1970 . In the 1950s when many atmospheric nuclear weapon tests took place the 14C concentration in the air rose sharply to a maximum double the natural concentration and gradually decreased in 1960s and later after cessation of atmospheric tests. The 14C activity in the atmosphere has decreased steadily due to CO2 uptake by the oceans and by the biosphere Hertelendi Csongor 1982 Levin Kromer 2004 . 14C is also artificially produced in all types of nuclear reactors by the similar neutron-induced reactions on isotopes of carbon nitrogen and oxygen present in the fuel cladding coolant moderator and structural materials of the reactor NCRP 1985 IAEA 2004 . A fraction of the generated 14C is released continuously during normal operation of NPPs mainly in two chemical forms oxidized . carbon dioxide CO2 and reduced which mostly is in the form of CH4 Levin et al. 1988 . For all types of reactors except pressure water reactors PWRs most of the gaseous releases of 14C are in the form of 14CO2 IAEA 2004 . 14C is referred to as one of the difficult-to-measure nuclides pure beta emitters due to .

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