TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of algorithms for physical design automation part 100

Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation part 100 provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on. | 972 Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation move to other CLBs overcrowding them instead. This process gradually results in moving nodes from overcrowded regions to empty regions. They take care not to cause thrashing in which LUTs are moved back and forth between two clusters. Avoiding thrashing can be done by keeping a history of violations of CLBs. Hence if thrashing has been occurring for a few moves the relative cost of both CLBs involved in thrashing is increased resulting in the extra LUT or register to be moved to a third CLB. Linear Datapath Placement Callahan et al. 29 presented GAMA a linear-time simultaneous placement and mapping method for LUT-based FPGAs. They only focus on datapaths that are comprised of arrays of bitslices. The basic idea is to preserve the datapath structure so that we can reduce the problem size by primarily looking at a bitslice of the datapath. Once a bitslice is mapped and placed other bitslices of the datapath can be mapped and placed similarly on rows above or below the initial bitslice. One of the goals in developing GAMA was to perform mapping and placement with little computational effort. To achieve a linear time complexity the authors limit the search space by considering only a subset of solutions which means they might not produce an optimal solution. Because optimal mapping of directed acyclic graphs DAGs is NP-complete GAMA first splits the circuit graph into a forest of trees before processing it by the mapping and placement steps. The tree covering algorithm does not directly handle cycles or nodes with multiple fanouts and might duplicate nodes to reduce the number of trees. Each tree is compared to elements from a preexisting pattern library that contains compound modules such as the one shown in Figure . Dynamic programming is used to find the best cover in linear time. After the tree covering process a postprocessing step is attempted to find opportunities for local optimization at the

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