TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of algorithms for physical design automation part 99

Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation part 99 provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on. | 962 Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation Level 1 cluster Level 2 cluster Multilevel clustering FIGURE Multilevel clustering and placement. Based on Sankar Y. and Rose J. Proceedings of the ACM SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays 157-166 1999. With permission. Level 1 Level 2 Coarse placement of clusters The flow maintains a list of clusters of macros and a set of buckets that correspond to regions on the FPGA that have to house one cluster each. The buckets are all of the same shape but unlike the work by Sankar and Rose 12 their shapes are not predetermined by the algorithm. Instead the width height of the buckets is determined by the maximum width height of all macros initially and as clustering progresses the width might be increased so that it can fit larger clusters. For example the algorithm could start with buckets of size 3 x 2 and after a clustering step merge them in pairs to get buckets of size 6 x 2 it is not clear from Ref. 12 if the bucket sizes in this example could be set to 3 x 4 too or not but the initial bucket shapes is determined by the maximum macro width and height . The iterative process of clustering macros and increasing the size of the buckets is repeated until the number of clusters becomes less than or equal to the number of buckets. Because the width and height requirements of clusters are calculated using an upper bound method the buckets are guaranteed to have room for all clusters once there are at least as many buckets as there are clusters. Once the clustering phase is done a tabu-search cluster placement step follows. In this step neighboring clusters are swapped using force-directed moves as in Chapter 18. Once a cluster is moved it is locked and will not be swapped until a prespecified number of other moves are attempted. The force-directed moves use connections between clusters as forces pulling highly connected cluster closer together. Toward the end of the intercluster .

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