TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of algorithms for physical design automation part 51

Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation part 51 provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on. | 482 Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 1 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 C 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 7 8 9 9 8 7 8 9 B 9 8 9 a 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 1 A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 C 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 B 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 b c FIGURE Maze routing is applied repeatedly to find the routing solution of a net with three terminals. a Wave expansion starts from terminal A and it reaches terminal B b the route between A and B is implemented and the new wavefront is expanded from the partial route and c the final routing solution obtained. the wave expansion. In other words the next wavefront is expanded starting from the partial route implemented. This process continues until all the terminals of the net are routed. Figure illustrates this process with an example. Here wave expansion starts from terminal A and it reaches terminal B Figure . Then the route between A and B is implemented by backtracking. The next wavefront is started to be expanded from this partial route Figure . Finally the new wavefront reaches C and the final solution is obtained. Note here that this approach can easily lead to suboptimal solutions because of its greedy nature. For example if the lower L route was selected in Figure as the route between A and B then the wirelength of the final routing solution would be significantly larger. To avoid this problem a biasing technique is proposed in Ref. 41 to direct the maze search toward regions where overlap with future connections of the net is more likely. ROUTING MULTIPLE NETS In this section we focus on the problem of routing multiple nets together. The main difficulty here is that routing solution for one net potentially impacts the routing of other nets because common routing resources are being used by multiple nets. We can divide the .

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