TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of algorithms for physical design automation part 87

Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation part 87 provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on. | 842 Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation interplay between Manhattan and diagonal geometries. To modify partitioning to support X we used two-dimensional k-way partitioning in place of one-dimensional bipartitioning. To exploit the benefits of the partitioning idea within an X system we use a modified simulated annealing strategy to partition the components into an n x m grid where n and m are both greater than 1. This approach was used by Suaris and Kedem SK89 where n m 2 and by Bapat and Cohoon BC93 Alexander et al. ACGR98 and Ganley G95 where n m 3. We refined and improved this approach for n m 4 to create the first placer for the X interconnect architecture. The key principle behind these algorithms is to consider an approximate routing of each net where the cell positions are rounded to the centers of the partitions in the n x m grid. The partition of a given net can then be considered to form a bit vector of length nm in which each bit is on if a component on the net lies in the corresponding partition. The numeric value of this bit vector can then be used to index a table giving the score of that particular configuration of the net. This table is precomputed once and stored so there is no recurring runtime cost for the computation of its values. A single canonical value for the score can be stored and simply scaled if necessary to the actual size of the current grid. The default measure used by all of the placement algorithms cited above including ours is the length of an optimal in our case octilinear Steiner tree of the points in the n x m grid. Although Suaris and Kedem SK89 and Huang and Kahng HK97 report that KLFM-style partitioning works well for n m 2 it turns out to perform quite poorly for n m 3. The terrain of the optimization objective becomes too rough and KLFM-style local optimization algorithms become trapped in deep local optima that are globally poor. Our algorithm instead uses a sophisticated multiobjective variant of .

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