TAILIEUCHUNG - Obstetric and Gynecology Emergencies

Endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancers are the three most common malignancies of the female reproductive tract. In the United States alone, roughly 12,000 women are diagnosed with uterine cervical cancer annually, and 4,000 will die from the disease [1]. The relatively low incidence of cervical cancer in the US is largely attributable to the effectiveness of Papanicolaou’s cytological cervical screening test (the Pap test). The importance of screening for early tumor markers is supported by the finding that 60% of cervical cancers occur in women who have never received a Pap test, or who have not. | Obstetric and Gynecology Emergencies Gynecology- The branch of medicine that deals with the female reproductive tract. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Reproductive system- Ovaries Fallopian tubes. Uterus and Vagina Ovaries-walnut shaped located at the lateral aspect of the fallopian tubes are the female gonads Provide estrogen and progesterone in response to follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH secreted from the anterior pituitary gland They also produce eggs Fallopian tubes or uterine lubes - hollow tubes that transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus. They do not connect directly to the ovaries. Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube. Uterus- small pear shaped organ that connects with the vagina. The developing fetus grows in the uterus. Stretches from 5cm in length usually to 40 cm in length and is able to hold a 8 lb. fetus. 3 high X 2 wide x 1 thick Layers Perimetrim- peritoneal covering separates uterus from abdominal cavity Myometrium- thick muscular well of uterus Endometrium- inner lining thickens each month Fundus- the upper portion of the uterus Cervix- the lower portion of the uterus which extends into the vagina Visible through the vagina During labor dilates from closed state to approximately 10 cm allowing passage of the baby Vagina- connection between uterus and outside of body. It is the female sex organ and receives penis during intercourse. Perineum- area surrounding the vagina and anus. Contains anus. vagina and urethral orifices. Sometimes torn during childbirth. Labia- structures that protect the vagina and utheria 1 Labia majora- located laterally Labia minora-located more medial Both are subject to injury during trauma to the perineal area- such as rape bicycle accidents etc. Urethra- the urinary bladder drains through the urethra Located superior and anterior to the vagina The female urethra is only 2-3 cm long Because the female urethra is shorter than the males bacteria travel much easier into the female s .

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