TAILIEUCHUNG - PLANET EARTH 2011 – GLOBAL WARMING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE_2

Tham khảo sách 'planet earth 2011 – global warming challenges and opportunities for policy and practice_2', khoa học tự nhiên, công nghệ môi trường phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 14 The Choice of Biofuels to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rogério Cezar de Cerqueira Leite1 Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal2 and Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez3 interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning University of Campinas 2Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory 3Faculty of Agricultural Engineering University of Campinas Brazil 1. Introduction The tentatives to use biofuels can be traced back to the years around 1900 when Henry Ford and Rudolf Diesel used ethanol and vegetable oil in their Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines respectively. With the introduction of oil in the energy scenario as a very cheap option the interest in biofuels dwindled down rapidly and the transport sector was fully dominated by gasoline and diesel. However the idea did not die and biofuels came and went a few times in the mid 1920s ethanol fuel was used in Brazil and in 1931 a Federal Law mandated the blending of 5 ethanol in all imported gasoline used in the country. Since then several biofuels options have been produced and tentatively used in some countries ethanol methanol higher alcohols vegetable oils fat acid methyl ethyl esters biogas and dimethyl ether DME just to mention the main ones. The driving forces behind the use of biofuels are many but can be separated in four groups environmental benefits local and global high oil prices energy security and support to local agriculture. Different countries in different times were drawn by different motivations that changed in time in each case. Looking into the main biofuel programs today it can be seen that USA alcohol program was originally intended to mitigate local pollution problems due to vehicle tail pipe emissions but today is driven by the support to local agriculture energy security and only very recently with the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 EISA 2007 it has shown some interest in global warming mitigation with the introduction of minimum greenhouse gas GHG emission reduction limits for .

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• Climate Change
• Global Warming
• Environmental Stability
• Convective Precipitation
• Anthropogenic Aerosols
• Andean Ecosystems
• PHD thesis on climate change
• Climate change projection
• Climate analog
• Southeast Asia
• Ebook Climate change
• Live with a climate change
• National action on climate change
• Solutions risks of climate change
• Actions benefit the economy
• Hazard risk reduction
• Climate change adaptation
• Environmental protection
• Projected climate change
• Projected climate change in the Mekong Delta
• Mekong Delta
• Projected climate
• Rice development
• Rice production
• The context of climate change in Vietnam
• Climate change in Vietnam
• Climate change scenario
• Impacts of climate change
• Regimes in the east sea
• The PRECIS and SWAN modelling packages
• Impact of climate change
• Climate change on livestock
• Agriculture with a share
• Per cent in its GDP
• Socio economic profile
• Measuring socio economic profile
• Farmers to climate change
• Climate change is important emerging
• Publish or perish
• Research on climate change
• Research on climate change and fisheries
• A scientometric analysis
• Farmers to mitigate
• Climate change on agriculture
• World’s agriculture
• Water resoures
• Proposal of adaptive solutions
• Climate change on water resources
• Impacts of climate change on water resources
• Dong Nai province
• Rice yield
• Assessment of the damage
• Climate change on rice yield
• Climate change scenarios
• Sea level rise
• Climate change impact assessment
• Gis application in climate change
• GIS technologies
• Climate change on temperature
• Climate change on precipitation
• Climatic scenario revealed
• Experienced increase in maximum
• Minimum temperature
• Pest management
• Viruses in Tanzania
• Climate change on cassava whiteflies
• Building climate change adaptation indicator set
• Environment resilience
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• Climate change risk mitigation
• Biodiversity and climate change
• Climate change biology
• Changing the biosphere
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• Assessing impacts of climate change to landuse sector
• Climate change to landuse sector in Vinh Long province
• Assessed by data collection
• Assessing impacts of climate change
• Rural Sustainability in the face of climate change
• The face of climate change
• Consultation in Australia’s South West Corner
• Adaptation in Australia’s South West Corner
• The challenges of climate change
• Farmer’s perception towards
• Climate change in Odisha
• Organized pre tested interview
• Farmers towards climate change
• Utilizing bacteria
• Global climate change
• Green house
• Mitigate global climate change
• Plant disease
• Their management
• Climate change on plant diseases
• Outcome of climate change
• Adaptation strategies
• Climate change of farm women
• Farm women
• Level of awareness on climate change
• Guide to Climate Change
• The origins of environmentalism
• The possible solutions
• Scientific debates climate change
• Climate change vulnerability zoning
• Suburban districts of Ho Chi Minh City
• Climate change in suburban
• The high vulnerability