TAILIEUCHUNG - CompTIA A+ Complete Study Guide part 8

do đó tạo thành một hình ảnh trên trống. D. theo đúng trình tự trong quá trình in EP là làm sạch, sạc, viết, phát triển, chuyển nhượng, và pha trộn. A. Trong số các loại được liệt kê ở đây, máy in tác động là cơ bản nhất. A. vì mực trên trống có một chút. | 616 Chapter 12 Working with Personal Computer Components Memory Usage The CPU is capable of differentiating between system memory which is what you refer to when you say that your computer has 512MB or 1GB of RAM and I O memory which is a resource allocated to an expansion card and other components external to the CPU. A single pin on the CPU called the I O_MEM line allows the CPU to specify which group of memory it is referring to for read or write operations. In addition the two blocks of memory can overlap in value due to the fact that the CPU refers to one or the other per operation never both eliminating the possibility of confusion. Memory Addresses Many components use blocks of system memory as part of their normal functioning often finding their data elbow to elbow with application data and code. For example network interface cards often buffer incoming data in a block of memory until it can be processed. Doing so prevents the card from being overloaded if a burst of data is received from the network. When the device driver loads it lets the CPU know which block of system memory should be set aside for the exclusive use of the component. This prevents other devices and software from overwriting the information stored there. Certain system components such as the system board and the PCI bus also need a memory address. Memory addresses are usually expressed in a hexadecimal range with eight digits such as 00F0000-000FFFFF. When the CPU indicates MEM with the I O_MEM line it is referring to a memory address. Direct Memory Access Direct memory access DMA allows a device to bypass the CPU and place data directly into RAM. To accomplish this the device must have a DMA channel devoted to its use. All DMA transfers use a special area of memory set aside to receive data from the expansion card or CPU if the transfer is going the other direction known as a buffer. The basic architecture of the PC DMA buffers is limited in size and memory location. No DMA channel can

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