TAILIEUCHUNG - ORGANIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Automatic sampler (optional)—The sampler must incorporate glass sample containers for the collection of a minimum of 250 mL of sample. Sample containers must be kept refrigerated at 4°C and protected from light during compositing. If the sampler uses a peristaltic pump, a minimum length of compressible silicone rubber tubing may be used. Before use, however, the compressible tubing should be thoroughly rinsed with methanol, followed by repeated rinsings with distilled water to minimize the potential for contamination of the sample. An integrating flow meter is required to collect flow proportional composites | ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISRTY - Vol. I - Organic Chemical Reactions - Alessandro Abbotto ORGANIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS Alessandro Abbotto Department of Materials Science University of Milano-Bicocca Italy Keywords Synthesis molecule bond molecular orbitals charge reactivity mechanism functional groups acids and bases reactant reagent product nucleophile electrophile intermediate transition state regiochemistry stereochemistry carbocation carbanion radical equilibrium equilibrium constant cycle heterocycle aliphatic aromatic arene electron-withdrawing group electron-donating group leaving group kinetics reaction order reaction rate. Content 1. Introduction 2. The Organic Reaction . Chemical Reaction Notation Equilibrium Arrows. Reactants and Products . Mechanisms of Organic Reactions The Arrow Notation . Thermodynamics and Kinetics Reaction Equilibrium and Reaction Rate . Ionic Reactions . Nucleophiles and Electrophiles . Acids and Bases . Broensted Theory . Lewis Theory . Hard and Soft Acids and Bases . Reactive Intermediates . Product Selectivity 3. Classification of Organic Reactions . Addition . Electrophilic Addition . Nucleophilic Addition . Elimination . Substitution . Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution . Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution . Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution . Oxidation and Reduction Rearrangements. . Pericyclic Reactions Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Organic reactions have been used for preparing the huge amount of organic compounds so far known and will be used for the synthesis of new organic molecules in the future. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISRTY - Vol. I - Organic Chemical Reactions - Alessandro Abbotto A detailed knowledge of organic reactions and their mechanism is therefore an essential tool for any scientist or technician involved with research and development of

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