TAILIEUCHUNG - INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE: Shaping the Future for Health

In the closing year of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, there loomed up conspicuously, in the City of New York, a man whose purpose in life was to reform and better existing forms of medical practice. So well did he succeed that he is now revered as the pathfinder and founder of American Eclecticism in Medicine. Wooster Beach was born in Connecticut. He read Medicine in an unorthodox fashion by placing himself under the instruction of a successful but unlicensed country doctor living in a secluded part of the State of New Jersey. From this preceptor he acquired. | November 1999 I N S T I T U T E OF M E D I C I N E Shaping the Future for Health To Err Is Human building A safer health system Health care in the United States is not as safe as it should be--and can be. At least 44 000 people and perhaps as many as 98 000 people die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have been prevented according to estimates from two major studies. Even using the lower estimate preventable medical errors in hospitals exceed attributable deaths to such feared threats as motor-vehicle wrecks breast cancer and AIDS. Medical errors can be defined as the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. Among the problems that commonly occur during the course of providing health care are adverse drug events and improper transfusions surgical injuries and wrong-site surgery suicides restraint-related injuries or death falls burns pressure ulcers and mistaken patient identities. High error rates with serious consequences are most likely to occur in intensive care units operating rooms and emergency departments. Beyond their cost in human lives preventable medical errors exact other significant tolls. They have been estimated to result in total costs including the expense of additional care necessitated by the errors lost income and household productivity and disability of between 17 billion and 29 billion per year in hospitals nationwide. Errors also are costly in terms of loss of trust in the health care system by patients and diminished satisfaction by both patients and health professionals. Patients who experience a long hospital stay or disability as a result of errors pay with physical and psychological discomfort. Health professionals pay with loss of morale and frustration at not being able to provide the best care possible. Society bears the cost of errors as well in terms of lost worker productivity reduced school attendance by children and lower levels of .

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