TAILIEUCHUNG - Why Are there So Many Banking Crises? The Politics and Policy of Bank Regulation phần 7

Các khoản vay liên ngân hàng chỉ được xác định thực hiện tối ưu được xác định trong đề xuất nếu và chỉ nếuVì vậy, nó thực hiện tối ưu * tỷ lệ khả năng (nhớ lại định nghĩa ρ2 (-)) nếu và chỉ nếu đáp ứng này bình đẳng. Ngược lại, bắt đầu từ một tỷ lệ khả năng nhất định, | CONTROLLING RISK IN PAYMENT SYSTEMS 1 81 It is inefficient to impose overdraft ceilings and collateral requirements without coordination. Note that we are now beginning to see cross-margining agreements for example between the Options Clearing Corporation and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in order to share the collaterals as well as any profit or loss in the computation of margin requirements see Parkinson et al. 1992 . First a bank might have large credit positions on one system and debit ones on another though its net position on both systems together is balanced. It could then be faced with artificial liquidity problems on the system where it is in debit. This is similar to what could happen on security markets. For example in the United States a financial intermediary could buy stock options and then sell the same securities cash or on credit on two different clearinghouses. Second even for a bank which is in debit on all systems there is little chance that systems independently choose a socially correct level of collateral. For example if on different systems the risks are independent the individual protection of each system then neglects diversification. The quantity of collateral necessary to protect satisfactorily n coordinated systems is much smaller than n times the quantity of collateral necessary to protect one system only. Relatedly it is probably a good thing that systems even complementary ones manage together the liquidity crises of a bank. After all payment systems can be considered as potential lenders to the bank. As such they can play the hot potato game that is get into a run so as to offload their losses onto other systems when the bank is in trouble. This run can take the form of increased demands for collateral or relatedly of reductions of the unsecured overdraft ceilings. We must remember that systems can then become too strict in terms of bank control and that ideally one should be able to renegotiate debts to obtain a better .

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