TAILIEUCHUNG - Bio-MEMS Technologies and Applications - Wang and Soper (Eds) Part 14

Tham khảo tài liệu 'bio-mems technologies and applications - wang and soper (eds) part 14', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 392 Bio-MEMS Technologies and Applications cells such as humans which possess nearly 1014 cells. Cells typically function as independently operating machines providing a large heterogeneity in cell characteristics even for a group of cells that are localized to a specific organ or tissue within a multicellular organism. However cells do share several common capabilities such as Reproduction by cell division. Metabolism including taking in raw materials building cell components converting energy and molecules and releasing by-products. The functioning of a cell depends upon its ability to extract and use chemical energy stored in organic molecules. This energy is derived from metabolic pathways. Synthesis of proteins the functional workhorses of cells such as enzymes. A typical mammalian cell contains up to 10 000 different proteins. Response to external and internal stimuli such as changes in temperature pH or nutrient levels. One way to classify cells is whether they live alone or in groups. Organisms vary from single cells called single-celled or unicellular organisms which function and survive more or less independently through colonial forms with cells living together to multicellular forms in which cells are specialized. There are 220 types of cells and tissues that make up the multicellular human body. Cells can also be classified into two categories based on their internal structure. Prokaryotic cells are structurally simple. They are found only in single-celled and colonial organisms. In the three-domain system of scientific classification prokaryotic cells are placed in the domains Archaea and Eubacteria. Eukaryotic cells have organelles with their own membranes. Singlecelled eukaryotic organisms such as amoebae and some fungi are very diverse but many colonial and multicellular forms such as plants animals and brown algae also exist. Cells are comprised of components called organelles which perform certain functions in this operating machine. The .

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