TAILIEUCHUNG - What is health economics?

Genomics and other "omics” technologies have largely contributed to the identification and the development of biomarkers. Due to genetic causes of variability among individuals, genotyping and gene expression analysis are indeed key elements of the emergence of personalised medicine. However, genomic technologies have limitations (functional significance of genetic variants, false negatives, etc) and cannot encompass all approaches for the development of stratification biomarkers. A multiplex approach integrating various technologies (“omics”, phenotype studies, imaging, functional in vivo studies, etc.) should be privileged. Stratification biomarkers can be identified by several means in pre-clinical studies, epidemiological studies or clinical trials. Ideally, their. | What is. series Second edition Health economics Supported by sanofi-aventis What is health economics Alan Haycox BA MA PhD Reader in Health Economics University of Liverpool Management School For further titles in the series visit Economics is the science of scarcity. The application of health economics reflects a universal desire to obtain maximum value for money by ensuring not just the clinical effectiveness but also the cost-effectiveness of healthcare provision. Achieving value for money implies either a desire to achieve a predetermined objective at least cost or a desire to maximise the benefit to the population of patients served from a limited amount of resources. This requires services to be evaluated for cost-effectiveness . An associated concept is that of efficiency which measures how well resources are used in order to achieve a desired outcome. Opportunity cost represents an invaluable mode of thought in health economics as it makes clear the explicit trade-offs that underlie resource use in the health services. The true cost of using scarce healthcare resources in one manner is their unavailability to fund alternative beneficial services. All economic evaluations have a common structure which involves explicit measurement of inputs costs and outcomes benefits . Health economics can help to inform and improve decisionmaking through the systematic and objective application of applied common sense . Such applied common sense which symmetrically balances costs and benefits represents a valuable mode of thinking for decision-makers irrespective of whether a formal economic evaluation is undertaken. Date of preparation April 2009 1 NPR09 1101 What is health economics What is health economics Economics is the science of scarcity. It analyses how choices are structured and prioritised to maximise welfare within constrained resources Box 1 . We all use economics on a daily basis Do I buy the cheaper car or pay a bit more for the nicer

• Y học thường thức
• among individuals
• genotyping and gene expression
• Radiation Dose
• Image Quality
• Cardiac Catheterization
• Catheterization Laboratories
• Enteric fever
• Baseline titer
• Healthy individuals
• Baseline antibody titer against
• Enterica serovar typhi
• Widal test
• Baseline titre
• Healthy adult individuals
• Determination of widal baseline titre
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Non diabetics
• Non diabetic individuals
• A study of microalbuminuria
• Microalbuminuria in coronary artery disease
• Work ability
• Functional capacity
• Long term unemployed individuals
• Factors associated with health
• Psychosocial factors
• báo cáo hóa học
• công trình nghiên cứu về hóa học
• tài liệu về hóa học
• cách trình bày báo cáo
• Environmental advances
• Epigenetic modifications among
• Low air pollution zones
• Circulating epigenomic signatures
• Human bio monitoring
• Translational research
• Public health
• Colorectal cancer
• Theory of planned behavior
• Health action process approach
• Average risk individuals
• báo cáo khoa học
• báo cáo y học
• công trình nghiên cứu về y học
• tài liệu về y học
• trình bày báo cáo
• tài liệu báo cáo khoa học
• kiến thức y học
• nghiên cứu y học
• báo cáo khao học
• báo cáo về y học
• công trình y học
• tax considerations
• selection consider
• corporate entities
• Understanding leases
• Commercial leases
• Additional concepts
• Health care workers
• Biomedical waste management
• Tertiary care hospital
• Knowledge attitude
• Housekeeping individuals are working
• BMC Cancer
• Skin self examination
• Melanoma early detection
• Melanoma patients
• Observational study
• Active video games
• Quality of life
• Parkinson’s disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Gaming platform
• BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Low back pain
• Pressure biofeedback unit
• Transverse abdominals
• Transverse abdominis
• Asymptomatic diseases
• Intervertebral disc degeneration
• Cross sectional area
• Muscle functions
• Core muscles
• BMC Pulmonary Medicine
• Medical treatment
• Self perceived barriers
• Inadequate disease control
• Chronic diseases
• Timed up and go
• Activities of daily living
• Muscle strength
• Osteoarthritis demonstrate
• Disease characterized
• Psychometric properties
• Psychometric function
• Symptomatic knee osteoarthritis
• BMC Genomics
• Selective pressure
• DNA Methylation
• CpGs cluster
• Natural selection
• BMC Geriatrics
• Medication error
• Intentional drug poisoning
• Late life suicide
• Public health concern
• Instrumental activities of daily living
• Disabled individuals
• Disabled people