TAILIEUCHUNG - A Practical Guide to Clinical Virology Second Edition - part 6

Khi được cấp trong vòng 24 giờ sau khi phun trào kháng virus điều trị với aciclovir là hiệu quả trong việc rút ngắn thời gian của thủy đậu. Famciclovir và valaciclovir cũng có hiệu quả và có khả dụng sinh học tốt hơn | THERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS When given within 24 hours after the eruption antiviral therapy with aciclovir is effective in shortening the duration of varicella. Famciclovir and valaciclovir are also effective and have better bioavailability. Foscarnet is used in the seldom aciclovir-resistant cases. Antiviral therapy is recommended in infants adults and immunocompromised patients. Specific VZ-immunoglobulin VZIG given up to 3 days after VZV exposure is usually protective but is reserved for use mainly in high-risk patients. High-risk patients can also be protected by vaccination. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis is clinical given by the typical vesicular rash and laboratory confirmation is seldom necessary. If the rash is atypical direct fluorescent antibody staining of cell scrapings or identification of virus antigen by PCR technique is most useful. PCR analysis of cerebrospinal fluid is valuable if neurological complications occur. A rising antibody titre in paired serum samples is diagnostic. Serologic testing may be unreliable in immunocompromised patients. 138 CLINICAL FEATURES SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS The incubation period is usually 14-16 days but may vary from 10 to 21 days and up to 28 days after prophylactic treatment with VZIG. Especially in teenagers and adults prodromal symptoms with malaise and low-grade fever may occur 1-2 days before eruption of the vesicular rash. The typical crops of varicella lesions initially observed on the face scalp or trunk develop during hours from pruritic macules to oval 2-3 mm vesicles with clear fluid becoming cloudy and crusty after 1-2 days. During the first 2-4 days skin lesions at different developmental stages coexist. Usually 100-300 lesions are found and the active disease lasts for 1 week. The diagnosis may be missed when only a few lesions occur and rarely the infection may be subclinical. Mucosal vesicles in the mouth pharynx conjunctiva and the external genitalia rupture easily and may therefore be overlooked. .

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